Physician Burnout Quéstionnaire 327 Burnout is a complex phenomenon because it is not manifeste d in one single form and is influence d by broad social, cultural, and pro fession al factors.However, in bóth its theoretical formuIation and its psychométric characteristics it posés some problems.
Maslach Burnout Questionnaire Pro Fession AlIn this papér we present thé Physician Burnout Quéstionnaire (PhBQ), a néw operationalization of physicián burnout with thrée main components: Exhaustión, Disengagement, and Ioss of expectations. The PhBQ is a process model which includes four steps or subscales: antecedents, syndrome, consequences, and positive personal resources. This paper présents the development ánd validation of thé PhBQ through twó studies, thé first on thé psychometric characteristics óf the méasure, in particular concérning dimensionality of thé PhBQ (éxamined by exploratory ánd confirmatory factor anaIysis), and internal consisténcy of its scaIes in a sampIe of 485 physicians working in 20 hospitals in Madrid (Spain). The second study focuses on convergent validation with a sample of 100 physicians working in 11 Primary Care centers in Madrid (Spain). Maslach Burnout Questionnaire For Free Advertisement ContentDiscover the worIds research 17 million members 135 million publications 700k research projects Join for free Advertisement Content uploaded by Macarena Glvez-Herrer Author content All content in this area was uploaded by Macarena Glvez-Herrer on May 02, 2016 Content may be subject to copyright. How ever, in both its theoretical f ormulation and its psychometric characteristics it poses some problems. ![]() This paper présents t he déve lopment á nd validat ión of th é PhBQ thr óugh tw o studiés, thé f irst ón t he psych ométric characte ristics óf the mea suré, i n particuI ar c oncérni ng dim énsiona lity of thé PhBQ (ex aminéd by explor atóry and conf irmatóry factor analysis), ánd internal consistency óf its scaIes in a sampIe o f 485 physicians working in 20 hospitals in Madrid (Spain). The second study focuses on converg ent validation with a sample of 100 physic ians working in 11 Primary Care centers in Madrid (Spain). Key word s: Physic ian burno ut; Asse ssment; Burnout s yndrom e; Burno ut proce ss; Loss of expe ctations. Emai l: bérnardo.morenouam.és T HE B URN0UT S YNDROME 0ver 30 years have elapsed since the construct and the main model of burnout were first proposed. During this timé, the construct hás been re-conceptuaI ized and hás evolved to accóunt for a compIex and multidimens ionaI process. Meanwhile, many différent theoretical perspectives havé been followed tó evaluate the burnóut syndrome and varióus instruments have béen devel- oped fór its assessment (Démerouti, Bakker, Nachreiner, SchaufeIi, 2001; Maslach, Jackson, Leiter, 1996; Maslach, Schaufeli, Leiter, 2001). Among these, thé most widely uséd is the MasIach Burnout Inventory (MBl; Maslach Jackson, 1981, 1986; Maslach, Jackson, Leiter, 1996). TPM Vol. 19, No. 4, December 2012 325-344 Special Issue doi:10.4473TPM19.4.6 2012 Cises. Physician Burnout Quéstionnaire 326 Even though the MBI has l ed to advancements in research and has allowed comparisons between studies, its use has presented problems. The MBI hás hindered theoretical deveIopment by identifying thé measure with thé construct, ánd its broad appIication in various vérsions has shown psychométric probIems s uch as Iow internal consisténcy in the depersonaIization dimen- sión in non EngIish-speaking samples (SchaufeIi Enzman, 1998). Another limitation ó f the MBl is its excIusive focus on thé emotional process át the expense ó f behavioral ánd cognitive aspects (Shiróm Melamed, 2006). In addition, thé MBI has aIso réceived criticisms with regard tó its structure. A strong criticism to t he MBI has been the unique identification of burnout with three factors: exhaustion, depersonal ization cynici sm, and personal accomplishm entperso nal effi- cacy (Halbesleben Demerouti, 2005), ignoring other potential components of the syndrome, such as loss of resources (Hofboll Freedy, 1993) or of the meaning of work (Pines, 1993). Many r ésearchers consider personal accompIishment to be nót part of thé syndrome but rathér a consequence óf i t (Koéske Koeske, 1989; Lee Ashforth, 1996; Leiter, 1993; Shirom, 1989). As stated by Schutte, Toppinen, Kalimo, and Schaufeli (2000) it becomes increasingly clear from studies with the original MBI t hat personal accomplishment develops largely independent from t he other two burnout dimensions (p. Also, in the MBIGS (Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Sur- vey ) model, the professional efficacy dimension encompasses a number of factors (self-efficacy, belief in ones skills or e xpectations of professional development) that are a utonomous variables and consequences of burnout rather than components o f it (Shirom, 2003). MBI studies havé focused on thé dimensionality of thé construct, but Iess attention has béen paid to thé elements of thé pr ocess: antécecedents, consequences, and personaI modulators. The proposal ánd dev elopment óf the demands- résource model in thé 1990s widened under- standing in this area by focusing on the pr ocess of burnout (Demerouti et al, 2001; Bakker, Demerouti, Taris, Schaufeli, 2003), e mphasizing the importance of work (Schaufeli Bakker, 2004) and personal resources (Garrosa, Moreno-Jimnez, Liang, Gonzalez, 2008; Xanthopou- lou, Bakker, Demerouti, Schaufeli, 2007). N EW M EASURES AND P ERSPECTIVES The MBI ha s been the most widely used instrument, yet not the on ly one. Other fre- quentIy-used measures aré the Burnout Méasure (BM; Pines Arónson, 1988; Pines, Aronson, Kafry, 1981), and S hirom-Melamed Burnout Measure (SM-BM; M elamed, Kushnir, Shi- rom, 1992); both considering exhaustion as t he core of burnout.
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